- William J. Clinton, “Presidential Address: Clinton Urges Passage Of Free-Trade Pact,” Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1993, 1994. Available at: https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal93-844-25162-1104274.
- William J. Clinton, “Remarks By President Clinton, President Bush, President Carter, President Ford, And Vice President Gore In Signing Of NAFTA Side Agreements,” The White House, Sept. 14, 1993. Available at: https://clintonwhitehouse6.archives.gov/1993/09/1993-09-14-remarks-by-clinton-and-former-presidents-on-nafta.html.
- Robert E. Scott, Carlos Salas, and Bruce Campbell, “Revisiting NAFTA: Still Not Working for North America’s Workers,” Economic Policy Institute, Briefing Paper 173, Sept. 28, 2006. Available at: http://s2.epi.org/files/page/- /old/briefingpapers/173/bp173.pdf.
- Public Citizen, Trade Adjustment Assistance Database, 2018, accessed Sept. 9, 2018. Available at: http://www.citizen.org/taadatabase.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Employment Statistics survey, series ID CES3000000001, manufacturing industry, U.S. Department of Labor, extracted Feb. 6, 2018. Available at: http://www.bls.gov/ces/.
- Robert Scott and Zane Mokihber, “The China Toll Deepens: Growth in the U.S.-China Trade Deficit Between 2001 and 2017 Cost 3.4 Million Jobs, With Losses in Every State and Congressional District,” Economic Policy Institute Report, Oct. 23, 2018. Available at: https://www.epi.org/publication/growth-in-u-s-china-trade-deficit-between-2001-and-2015-cost-3-4-million-jobs-heres-how-to-rebalance-trade-and-rebuild-american-manufacturing/.
- A prominent example is a 2017 study led by renowned economist Daron Acemoglu, which found that U.S. trade with China between 1990 and 2007 displaced three times as many jobs as robots did. Daron Acemoglu and Pascual Restrepo, “Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 23285, March 2017. Available at: https://economics.mit.edu/files/12763. A 2013 study by Autor, Dorn and Hanson on the U.S. job impacts of both technology and trade found “no net employment decline” from technological change from 1990 to 2007. David Autor, David Dorn and Gordon Hanson, “Untangling Trade and Technology: Evidence from Local Labor Markets,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 18938, April 2013, at Abstract. Available at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w18938.pdf; Susan Houseman, “Understanding the Decline of U.S. Manufacturing Employment,” Upjohn Institute for Employment Research Working Paper, Jan. 2018. Available at: http://www.upjohn.org/mfg-decline.pdf.
- Daniel J. Ikenson. “A Compromise to Advance the Trade Agenda: Purge Negotiations of Investor-State Dispute Settlement,” CATO Free Trade Bulletin No. 57, March 4, 2014. Available at: https://www.cato.org/publications/free-trade-bulletin/compromise-advance-trade-agenda-purge-negotiations-investor-state.
- Gary Hufbauer and Jeffrey Schott. “NAFTA: An Assessment,” Institute for International Economics, 1993, at 14. Available at: https://books.google.com/books/about/NAFTA.html?id=ebHkRhPma9IC.
- United States International Trade Commission, “Potential Impact on the U.S. Economy and Selected Industries of the North American Free-Trade Agreement,” USITC Publication 2596, Jan. 1993, at viii. Available at: https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub2596.pdf.
- U.S. International Trade Commission, “Interactive Tariff and Trade Dataweb,” accessed Feb. 8, 2018. Available at: http://dataweb.usitc.gov. Figures are adjusted to 2017 dollars using the CPI-U-RS from the Congressional Budget Office.
- U.S. International Trade Commission, “Interactive Tariff and Trade Dataweb,” accessed Feb. 8, 2018. Available at: http://dataweb.usitc.gov. Data is a comparison of the compound annual growth rates of the combined balance of the respective countries from 1993 through 2017. For NAFTA trade data, exports are domestic exports and imports are imports for consumption, adjusted for inflation to 2017 dollars. For all other countries, exports are total exports and imports are general imports, adjusted for inflation.
- U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, “International Transactions, International Services, and International Investment Position Tables,” accessed Feb. 8, 2018. Available at: https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=62&step=1.
- U.S. International Trade Commission, “Interactive Tariff and Trade Dataweb,” accessed Dec. 17, 2018. Available at: http://dataweb.usitc.gov. Figures are adjusted to 2017 dollars using the CPI-U-RS from the Congressional Budget Office.
- ProMéxico, “The Mexican Automotive Industry,” Figure 7 Light and Heavy Vehicle Assembly Plants in Mexico, 2015, at 62. Available at: https://www.promexico.mx/documentos/biblioteca/the-mexican-automotive-industry.pdf.
- Bernard Swiecki and Debbie Maranger Menk, “The Growing Role of Mexico in the North American Automotive Industry: Trends, Drivers and Forecasts,” Center for Automotive Research, July 2016, at 12. Available at: http://www.cargroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/The-Growing-Role-of-Mexico-in-the-North-American-Automotive-Industry-Trends-Drivers-and-Forecasts.pdf.
- United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, “Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean 2018,” 2018, at 91. Available at: https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/43690/7/S1800683_en.pdf.
- Don Newquist, “Perot is Dead Wrong on NAFTA,” The New York Times, May 10, 1993 in “Congressional Record, 103,” May 11, 1993, at 9629. Available at: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1993-pt7/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1993-pt7-7-1.pdf.
- Rep. David Drier (R-Calif.), “NAFTA,” Congressional Record, 103, Sept. 30, 1993, at H7350. Available at: http://webarchive.loc.gov/congressional-record/20160315200152/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?r103:46:./temp/~r103hn4E1S:e2692.
- U.S. Census Bureau, “Educational Attainment in the United States: 2017,” Table 2. Educational Attainment of the Population 25 Years and Over, by Selected Characteristics: 2017,” 2017. Available at: https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2017/demo/education-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html. Those considered without college educations include those in the following categories: 1) None - 8th grade, 2) 9th - 11th grade, 3) high school graduate, 4) some college, no degree, 5) associate's degree.
- Average wage data for 1993-2018 from Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Current Employment Statistics survey, series CEU0500000008, U.S. Department of Labor, extracted Dec. 17, 2018. Productivity data from Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Major Sector Productivity and Costs index, series ID PRS88003093, U.S. Department of Labor, extracted Dec. 17, 2018. Data inflation-adjusted to 2018 using the Consumer Price Index-U-RS.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Displaced Workers Summary,” Table 7, U.S. Department of Labor, Aug. 28, 2018. Available at: https://www.bls.gov/news.release/disp.t07.htm.
- John McLaren and Shushanik Hakobyan, “Looking for Local Labor Market Effects of NAFTA,” Working Paper, June 19, 2015. Available at: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~jem6x/nafta_revision_jun_2015.pdf. Later published as: Shushanik Hakobyan and John McLaren, “Looking for Local Labor Market Effects of NAFTA,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 98: 4, Oct. 2016.
- John McLaren and Shushanik Hakobyan, “Looking for Local Labor Market Effects of NAFTA,” Working Paper, June 19, 2015. Available at: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~jem6x/nafta_revision_jun_2015.pdf. Later published as: Shushanik Hakobyan and John McLaren, “Looking for Local Labor Market Effects of NAFTA,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 98: 4, Oct. 2016.
- A study of more than 400 union certification campaigns found that threats to close plants were made in 68 percent of union organizing campaigns in “mobile” industries (such as manufacturing, communications and wholesale/distribution) versus 36 percent in “immobile” industries (such as construction, healthcare and other services). Where threats to close were made, 18 percent of the employers directly threatened to move to another country – typically Mexico – if the union succeeded. The research found an increase in the number of such threats of relocation in mobile industries after NAFTA came into effect. Overall, unions had a lower success rate in campaigns where threats to close were used (38 percent) than in campaigns where no such threats were made (51 percent). See Kate Bronfenbrenner, “Uneasy Terrain: The Impact of Capital Mobility on Workers, Wages and Union Organizing,” paper submitted to the U.S. Trade Deficit Review Commission. Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Sept. 2000. Available at: https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1002&context=reports. Kate Bronfenbrenner, “Raw Power: Plant-Closing Threats and the Threat to Union Organizing,” Multinational Monitor, March 1997. Available at: https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1021&context=cbpubs.
- Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez, “The Evolution of Top Incomes: A Historical and International Perspective,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Paper 11955, Jan. 2006, numbers updated through 2015 (latest available) in a January 2018 extract. Available at: http://www.econ.berkeley.edu/~saez/.
- William J. Clinton, “Remarks By President Clinton, President Bush, President Carter, President Ford, And Vice President Gore In Signing Of NAFTA Side Agreements,” The White House, Sept. 14, 1993. Available at: https://clintonwhitehouse6.archives.gov/1993/09/1993-09-14-remarks-by-clinton-and-former-presidents-on-nafta.html.
- “NAFTA Debate: Gore v. Perot,” Cable News Network, Transcript, Nov. 9, 1993. Available at: http://ggallarotti.web.wesleyan.edu/govt155/goreperot.htm.
- Jeffrey Garten, “The Big Emerging Markets: Changing American Interests in the Global Economy,” Speech given to the Foreign Policy Association in New York City, Jan. 20, 1994. As quoted in: https://www.epi.org/publication/epi_virlib_briefingpapers_1995_falsep/.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, “Average Annual Wages, In 2017 Constant Prices at 2017 USD Exchange Rates,” and “Real Minimum Wage, In 2017 Constant Prices at 2017 USD Exchange Rates,” OECDStat, 2018. Available at: https://stats.oecd.org/.
- Pan Kwan Yuk, “Want Cheap Labour? Head to Mexico, not China,” Financial Times, Jan. 14, 2016. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/bddc8121-a7a0-3788-a74c-cd2b49cd3230.
- Mark Stevenson, “Mexico-US Trade Deal Unlikely to Boost Low Mexican Wages,” Associated Press, Aug. 30, 2018. Available at: https://www.apnews.com/fff256b89fc24e3faee97a5b05f3cca3.
- The World Bank, “Rural Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Lines (% of Rural Population),” World Bank World Development Indicators, accessed Sept. 11, 2018. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.RUHC?view=chart.
- International Monetary Fund, “Gross Domestic Product Per Capita, Constant Prices,” World Economic Outlook, April 2018. Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/index.aspx.
- Mark Weisbrot, Lara Merling, Vitor Mello, Stephan Lefebvre, and Joseph Sammut, “Did NAFTA Help Mexico? An Update After 23 Years,” Center for Economic and Policy Research Paper, March 2017. Available at: http://cepr.net/publications/reports/did-nafta-help-mexico-an-update-after-23-years.
- AFL-CIO that in their “NAFTA at 20” report that up to that point there were no “prolonged or systemic changes to working conditions” made in response to NAALC submissions. There is only one submission after the publication of that report. In response to that submission by the United Food & Commercial Workers Local 770, NAALC found there was insufficient evidence to support the conclusions of the filing. See AFL-CIO, “NAFTA at 20,” March 2014. Available at: https://aflcio.org/sites/default/files/2017-03/March2014_NAFTA20_nb.pdf. Bureau of International Labor Affairs (ILAB), “Submissions under the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC),” U.S. Department of Labor Available at: https://www.dol.gov/ilab/trade/agreements/naalc.htm.
- Mark Stevenson, “Mexico-US Trade Deal Unlikely to Boost Low Mexican Wages,” Associated Press, Aug. 30, 2018. Available at: https://www.apnews.com/fff256b89fc24e3faee97a5b05f3cca3.
- IndustriALL Union, “Workers Fired by Goodyear Mexico Continue Their Fight,” Sept. 26, 2018. Available at: http://www.industriall-union.org/workers-fired-by-goodyear-mexico-continue-their-fight.
- Carol Browner, Hearing of the Committee On Merchant Marine And Fisheries, U.S. House Of Representatives, “On The Environmental Impact That The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Would Have On The United States,” Nov. 10, 1993. Available at: https://archive.org/stream/environmentalimp00unit/environmentalimp00unit_djvu.txt.
- William J. Clinton, “Remarks By President Clinton, President Bush, President Carter, President Ford, And Vice President Gore In Signing Of NAFTA Side Agreements,” The White House, Sept. 14, 1993. Available at: https://clintonwhitehouse6.archives.gov/1993/09/1993-09-14-remarks-by-clinton-and-former-presidents-on-nafta.html.
- Commission for Environmental Cooperation, “Article 14: Submissions on Enforcement Matters,” updated June 25, 2018, accessed Dec. 11, 2018. Available at: http://www.cec.org/sites/default/files/documents/sem-process-status-en.pdf.
- Government Accountability Office, “U.S.-Mexico Border: Despite Some Progress, Environmental Infrastructure Challenges Remain,” GAO/NSIAD-00-26, March 2000, Available at: https://www.gao.gov/archive/2000/ns00026.pdf.
- Gary Lee, “World Bank, Mexico Agree on Pollution Cleanup Funds,” The Washington Post, Sept. 29, 1993. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/09/29/world-bank-mexico-agree-on-pollution-cleanup-funds/a5614bf1-6f3e-44e9-9563-ff479b5cdbb6/?utm_term=.ab336cd948d1.
- North American Development Bank (NADB) and Border Environment Cooperation Commission (BECC), “Results Measurements: First Aggregated Report Based on Projects’ Close-Out Reports,” Dec. 2016. Available at: http://www.becc.org/uploads/files/close_out_aggregate_report_january_2017_-_final_2_002.pdf.
- The cost of environmental damage was $47 billion in 1999 alone, far greater than the annual value of economic growth of $14 billion from 1989 to 1999. Kevin P. Gallagher, “Free Trade and the Environment: Mexico, NAFTA, and Beyond,” Americas Program, Interhemispheric Resource Center, Sept. 17, 2004. Available at: http://www.ase.tufts.edu/gdae/Pubs/rp/NAFTAEnviroKGAmerProgSep04.pdf.
- Institute Nacional de Estadística, Geographía e Informática, “Estadistica de law Industria Maquiladora de Exportación: 1990-1994,” 1995. Available at: http://internet.contenidos.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/Productos/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/historicos/1334/702825128661/702825128661.pdf.
- Acrecent, “Maquiladoras in Mexico: Benefits and Challenges,” 2018, accessed Dec. 18, 2018. Available at: https://www.acrecent.com/maquiladoras-in-mexico-benefits-and-challenges/.
- Institute Nacional de Estadística, Geographía e Informática, “Estadística de La Industria Maquiladora de Exportación 1995-2000,” 2001, at 4-5. Available at: http://internet.contenidos.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/Productos/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/historicos/2104/702825176211/702825176211_1.pdf
- PwC, “Maquiladora Guide: Doing Business in Mexico,” March 2013. Available at https://www.pwc.com/mx/es/industrias/archivo/doing-business-maquiladora.pdf.
- Mexican Ministry of the Economy, “Manufacturing, Maquila and Export Service Industry (IMMEX),” accessed December 2018. Available at: https://www.gob.mx/se/acciones-y-programas/industry?idiom=en.
- Ian James, “Poisoned Cities, Deadly Border: This City’s Air is Killing People. Who Will Stop It?” Desert Sun, Dec. 5, 2018. Available at: https://www.desertsun.com/in-depth/news/environment/border-pollution/poisoned-cities/2018/12/05/air-pollution-taking-deadly-toll-u-s-mexico-border/1381585002/.
- Marisa Jacott, Cyrus Reed and Mark Winfield, ‘The Generation and Management of Hazardous Wastes and Transboundary Hazardous Waste Shipments between Mexico, Canada and the United States Since NAFTA: A 2004 Update,” Texas Center for Policy Studies Report, July 2004. Available at: http://www.texascenter.org/publications/hazwaste04.pdf.
- American Chemical Society, “EPA Halts Tracking Hazardous Waste from Mexico,” Dec. 1, 2003. Available at: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es032635e.
- Cyrus Reed, Marisa Jacott, and Alejandro Villamar. “Hazardous Waste Management in the United States-Mexico Border States: More Questions than Answers,” Red Mexicana de Acción Frente al Libre Comercio (RMALC) and Texas Center for Policy Studies, March 2000, at 30. Available at: http://archive.ban.org/library/haz2000.pdf.
- Cyrus Reed, Marisa Jacott, and Alejandro Villamar. “Hazardous Waste Management in the United States-Mexico Border States: More Questions than Answers,” Red Mexicana de Acción Frente al Libre Comercio (RMALC) and Texas Center for Policy Studies, March 2000, at 26-27. Available at: http://archive.ban.org/library/haz2000.pdf. The six Mexican border states are Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas.
- Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Taking Stock Database, undated, accessed Dec. 17, 2018. Available at: http://takingstock.cec.org/Query?AgencyIDs=2&Culture=en-US&IndustryLevel=3&Measure=5&MediaTypes=29&ReportType=4&ResultType=1.
- Gobierno de México, “Informe de la Situación del Medio Ambiente en México,” 2015, at 452. Available at: https://apps1.semarnat.gob.mx:445/dgeia/informe15/tema/pdf/Cap7_Residuos.pdf.
- “Silent River,” IMDB, dated 2018, accessed Dec. 18, 2018. Available at: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3758318/?fbclid=IwAR1s92t9zLX9WYWjfYYnO5CdLTwWQtdUpSABQBqP3Bjd2a0wWp2am75nNXw.
- Duncan Tucker, “Pollution Turned This Mexican River into a Toxic Hell,” Vice News, Aug 2, 2016. Available at: https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/8x3pyz/pollution-turned-this-mexican-river-into-a-toxic-hell.
- Paulina Martinez Gonzalez and Eduardo Hernandez. "Impacts from Contamination of the Santiago River on the Well-Being of the Inhabitants of El Salto, Jalisco/Impactos De La Contaminacion Del Rio Santiago En El Bienestar De Los Habitantes De El Salto, Jalisco," Espacio Abierto: Cuaderno Venezolano De Sociologia, 18:4, 2009.
- U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, “Border Crossing/Entry Data,” undated, accessed Dec. 13, 2018. Available at: https://explore.dot.gov/t/BTS/views/BTSBorderCrossingAnnualData/BorderCrossingTableDashboard?:isGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y&:embed=y.
- Sierra Club and Texas Citizen Fund, “NAFTA Transportation Corridors: Approaches to Assessing Environmental Impacts and Alternatives,” Report, Oct. 11, 2000. Available at: http://cmapspublic2.ihmc.us/rid=1GD8Q0ZCK-P4SHHM-HNF/Nafta%20Transportation%20Corridors,%20Approaches%20to%20assessing%20environmental%20impacts%20and%20alternatives,%20Sierra%20Club.pdf.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture and Environmental Protection Agency, “U.S.-Mexico Border Needs Assessment and Support Project,” Report, April 2014. Available at: https://www.rd.usda.gov/files/RD_RUS_Phase1ResearchRpt.pdf.
- Public Citizen, “Border Betrayed,” Jan. 1996, at 19. Available at: https://www.citizen.org/sites/default/files/naftas_broken_promises_-_the_border_betrayed.pdf.
- Texas Health Data Center for Health Statistics, “Texas Birth Defects by Border Status and Mother's Race/Ethnicity Years: 1999 – 2014,” By Border Designation, undated, accessed Dec. 13, 2018. Available at: http://healthdata.dshs.texas.gov/Registries/BirthDefects.
- “The Great NAFTA Debate,” The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1993/10/03/the-great-nafta-debate/a51a105e-24cb-4996-bdba-3c8a2c13047a/?utm_term=.25e70e57768e.
- Public Citizen, “Case Studies: Investor-State Attacks on Public Interest Policies,” PC Report, undated. Available at: https://www.citizen.org/sites/default/files/egregious-investor-state-attacks-case-studies_4.pdf.
- Canadian House of Commons, Standing Committee on Health, “Submission of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Re: Plain Packaging of Tobacco Products,” May 4, 1994. Available at: https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/#id=kqch0077.
- William Ralph Clayton, William Richard Clayton, Douglas Clayton, Daniel Clayton and Bilcon of Delaware, Inc. v. Canada, Dissenting Opinion of Professor Donald McRae, Ad hoc—UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (2015), at 19.
- U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, "Interim Report on Status of Implementing the North American Free Trade Agreement’s Cross-Border Trucking Provisions," Report Number MH-2001-059, May 8, 2001, at 3. Available at: http://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/dot/files/pdfdocs/mh2001059.pdf. U.S. Department of Transportation Office of the Inspector General, "Follow-up Audit of the Implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement's Cross-Border Trucking Provisions," Jan. 27, 2007. Richard Estrada, "Put Brakes On Truck-Safety Spin," Dallas Morning News, Jan. 19, 1999. Available at: http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1999-01-19/news/9901180433_1_mexican-trucks-truck-safety-truck-inspectors.
- North American Free Trade Agreement Arbitral Panel Established Pursuant to Chapter Twenty in the Matter of Cross-Border Trucking Services, Secretariat File No. USA-MEX-98-2008-01, Final Report of the Panel, Feb. 6, 2001.
- Office of the Inspector General, "Statement on Announcement of Cross-Border Truck Safety Pilot Plan,” U.S. Department of Transportation, February 23, 2007.
- "Pork, Cheeses, Fruits to Face New Tariffs Due to Mexico Trucks Dispute," Inside U.S. Trade, Aug. 17, 2010. Available at (subscription only): https://insidetrade.com/daily-news/pork-cheeses-fruits-face-new-tariffs-due-mexico-trucks-dispute.
- Binyamin Appelbaum, “U.S. and Mexico Sign Trucking Deal,” The New York Times, July 6, 2011. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/07/business/us-and-mexico-sign-trucking-agreement.html?_r=0.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), “USDA Amends Country of Origin Labeling Requirements, Final Rule Repeals Beef and Pork Requirements,” U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA Release, Feb. 29, 2016. Available at: https://www.ams.usda.gov/press-release/usda-amends-country-origin-labeling-requirements-final-rule-repeals-beef-and-pork.
- For more information, see Mary Bottari, “Trade Deficit in Food Safety,” Public Citizen report, July 2007. Available at: http://www.citizen.org/documents/FoodSafetyReportFINAL.pdf.
- Foreign Agricultural Service, “Global Agricultural Trade System,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, accessed Dec. 13, 2018. Available at: http://fas.usda.gov/gats/default.aspx. The statistic is a comparison of the volume in metric tons of food imports from Canada and Mexico in 1993 and 2018. Food imports are defined as the following USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) aggregations: dairy products, fruits & preparations, grains & feeds, livestock & meats, oilseeds & products, other horticultural products, planting seeds, poultry & products, sugar & tropical products, tree nuts & preparations, and vegetables & preparations.
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, "Quarterly Enforcement Report for Quarter 4, Fiscal Year 2018," Table 3a, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2018. Available at: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/761c3d61-8c49-4820-9b39-4b280e0d6158/QER-Q4-FY2018-Tables.pdf?MOD=AJPERES.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, "Fiscal Year 2018 Congressional Justification - Food," 2018 at 50. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AboutFDA/ReportsManualsForms/Reports/BudgetReports/UCM566331.pdf.
- Government Accountability Office (GAO), “Federal Efforts to Ensure the Safety of Imported Foods Are Inconsistent and Unreliable,” GAO/RCED-98-103, April 1998, at 5. Available at: https://www.gao.gov/assets/160/156166.pdf.
- Inside US Trade, “Espy Highlights Problems with NAFTA Sugar, but Says Deal Helps Farmers,” Jan. 15, 1993. Available at: https://insidetrade.com/inside-us-trade/espy-highlights-problems-nafta-sugar-says-deal-helps-farmers.
- United States International Trade Commission, “Potential Impact on the U.S. Economy and Selected Industries of the North American Free-Trade Agreement,” USITC Publication 2596, January 1993, at 24-1 and 27-1. Available at: https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub2596.pdf.
- Foreign Agricultural Service, “Global Agricultural Trade System,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, accessed Dec. 17, 2018. Available at: http://apps.fas.usda.gov/gats/default.aspx. All dollar values have been inflation-adjusted and are expressed in 2017 dollars according to the CPI-U-RS series of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, “Effects of the NAFTA on U.S. Agricultural Commodities,” March 1993.
- Foreign Agricultural Service, “Global Agricultural Trade System,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, accessed Dec. 13, 2018. Available at http://www.fas.usda.gov/gats/default.aspx. Beef and beef products is defined as HS 0201 and 0202.
- U.S. International Trade Commission, “Interactive Tariff and Trade Dataweb,” accessed April 17, 2018. Available at: http://dataweb.usitc.gov. Beef is defined as SITC 011 and live cattle is defined as SITC 00111 and 00119. Data inflation-adjusted to 2017 dollars using the Consumer Price Index-U-RS from the Congressional Budget Office.
- U.S. International Trade Commission, “Interactive Tariff and Trade Dataweb,” accessed Dec. 16, 2018. Vegetables are defined as SITC 054. Data inflation-adjusted to 2017 dollars using the Consumer Price Index-U-RS from the Congressional Budget Office.
- United States International Trade Commission, “Potential Impact on the U.S. Economy and Selected Industries of the North American Free-Trade Agreement,” USITC Publication 2596, Jan. 1993, at 24-1. Available at: https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub2596.pdf.
- U.S. International Trade Commission, “Interactive Tariff and Trade Dataweb,” accessed April 17, 2018. Available at: http://dataweb.usitc.gov. Corn is defined as SITC 04490. Data inflation-adjusted to 2017 dollars using the Consumer Price Index-U-RS from the Congressional Budget Office.
- Kristina Johnson and Samuel Fromartz, “‘NAFTA’s Broken Promises’: These Farmers Say They Got the Raw End of the Trade Deal,” National Public Radio, Aug. 7, 2017. Available at: https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/08/07/541671747/nafta-s-broken-promises-these-farmers-say-they-got-the-raw-end-of-trade-deal.
- Farming typologies and numbers come from the USDA. Small family farms consist of “farming occupation” farms grossing less than $250,000 per year. Comparisons are between 2017 and 1998, the latest and earliest data available for those typologies. Economic Research Service, “Agricultural Resource Management Survey: Farm Financial and Crop Production Practices,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, updated Nov. 19, 2018.
- Ani Hadjian, “Salinas Speaks Out on Free Trade,” Fortune Magazine, Dec. 8, 1992. Available at: http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1992/12/28/77310/index.htm.
- William J. Clinton, “Remarks By President Clinton, President Bush, President Carter, President Ford, And Vice President Gore In Signing Of NAFTA Side Agreements,” The White House, Sept. 14, 1993. Available at: https://clintonwhitehouse6.archives.gov/1993/09/1993-09-14-remarks-by-clinton-and-former-presidents-on-nafta.html.
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